Lindamood Terms:
Auditory conceptualization - The ability to perceive and represent the identity, number and order of sounds in spoken patterns with a visual code.

Auditory discrimination - The ability to distinguish one speech sound from another, or one syllable from another.

Auditory pattern - A sequence of isolated speech sounds, or speech sounds blended into a syllable or word.

More universal terms:

Decoding - Translating letter symbols into speech sounds; turning written patterns into spoken language (symbol-to-sound); reading words.

Encoding - The act of representing speech sounds with a visual code, using mouth pictures, sound tiles, or letter symbols; sound-to-syllable, spelling.

Phoneme - A single speech sound.

Phonological Awareness - The ability to perceive the identity, number, and order of speech sounds within a spoken pattern.

Phonological Processing - The ability to discriminate differences in phonemes or speech sounds and the knowledge of the rules about how those sounds can be combined and manipulated.  (From Lindamood LiPS Manual Fourth Edition)

Phonics - matching the sounds of spoken English with the letters or letter combinations that represent those sounds in written communication. - (From literacytrust.org.uk)

Encoding - The act of representing speech sounds with a visual code, using mouth pictures, sound tiles, or letter symbols; sound-to-syllable, spelling.

Fluency - the integration of all reading skills, linking together accurate and efficient word reading with appropriate, phrasing, flow, expression and prosodic elements (appropriate volume, stress, pitch and intonation) to ensure accurate word reading AND deep comprehension. (Partially from my own definition, partially from Tim Rasinski and partially from EPS.)

Grapheme - A letter or letter combination that represents a single speech sound.

Morpheme - A sound or syllable that signals or changes meaning.  For example, the 's' at the end of lips is a morpheme because it indicates something specific about meaning (plural).  The 's' at the end of grass is not a morpheme.

Morphology - The way words are constructed from prefixes, [roots], and suffixes. (From Collins Dictionary)

Orthographic - Having to do with the written form of words; the way words are symbolized by using the alphabet.

Visualization - the ability to build imagery as you read, paying attention to specific elements of the reading and using your background knowledge with the text to help you picture what you are reading as you make sense of each passage.